![]() ![]() Based on my fieldwork notes, interviews, and sociological data, I analyze the similarities and differences of ethnic complexity, terminological confusions, problems of "lived religion," and the impact of social and political secularism. I outline and compare ethnic minorities (Hunzakuts, Tatars, Szeklers, Samis) according to their historical background, contemporary social environment, relation to the majority, their political endeavors, and the role of religion(s) among them. ![]() I examine four case studies based on my ethnological fieldwork in Hunza (in the Pakistani-controlled Kashmir), the Middle Ural (Russia), Transylvania (Romania), and Sápmi (northern Scandinavia). According to my study, "political secularism" means the separation of political power from religious institutions, while "social secularism" is a theory and endeavor to eliminate religiosity from not only public but also private life, considering it an obsolete way of thinking.
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